Random module and String module

Example 1: 

import random,string

list_of_alphabets = [letter for letter in string.ascii_letters]
random.shuffle(list_of_alphabets)
print(list_of_alphabets)

Output:

['Y', 'M', 'b', 'F', 'X', 'r', 'm', 'J', 'w', 'o', 

'Z', 'U', 'g', 'l', 'c', 'f', 'A', 'B', 'N', 'G', 'L', 'V', 'h', 

'n', 'I', 'T', 'x', 'y', 'E', 'H', 'D', 'q', 'd', 'O', 't', 'R', 

'S', 's', 'v', 'P', 'e', 'Q', 'k', 'p', 'i', 'W', 'K', 'C', 'j', 'z',

 'a', 'u']

Example 2:

import random
import string


def generate_random_password(length=12):
    if length < 8 or length > 16:
        raise ValueError("Password length must be between 8 and 16 characters")

    password = []

    # Combine letters and symbols
    list_of_chars = [letter for letter in string.ascii_letters]
    list_of_symbols = [symbol for symbol in string.punctuation]
    list_of_chars.extend(list_of_symbols)

    # Shuffle the characters
    random.shuffle(list_of_chars)

    # Select characters for the password
    for _ in range(length):
        password.append(random.choice(list_of_chars))

    return ''.join(password)


# Generate a random password of length between 8 and 16
random_password = generate_random_password(random.randint(8, 16))
print(random_password)

Output:
x#=K@_&p.D

Access and modify global variable

 # Trying to change global variable

my_surname = 'Chakraborti'


def change_my_surname():
    my_surname = 'Chakraborty'


print(f"My Surname before change: {my_surname}")
# Call change my surname function
change_my_surname()
print(f"My Surname after change: {my_surname}")

Output:

My Surname before change: Chakraborti
My Surname after change: Chakraborti

The above code could not change the my_surname (global variable). 

Actually in the change_my_surname() function,

it is creating a local variable.

This can be verified just writing a print statement.

# Access global variable
my_surname = 'Chakraborti'



def change_my_surname():
    my_surname = 'Chakraborty'
    print(f"Changing surname to: {my_surname}")


print(f"My Surname before change: {my_surname}")
# Call change my surname function
change_my_surname()
print(f"My Surname after change: {my_surname}")
Output:
My Surname before change: Chakraborti
Changing surname to: Chakraborty
My Surname after change: Chakraborti

However, inside function, we can access the value.
# Access global variable
my_surname = 'Chakraborti'



def change_my_surname():
    print(f"Current Surname: {my_surname}")


change_my_surname()

Output:
Current Surname: Chakraborti
Now to change the global variable,

# Change global variable
my_surname = 'Chakraborti'

def change_my_surname():
    global my_surname
    my_surname = 'Chakraborty'
    print(f"Changing surname to: {my_surname}")


print(f"My Surname before change: {my_surname}")
# Call change my surname function
change_my_surname()
print(f"My Surname after change: {my_surname}")
Output:
My Surname before change: Chakraborti
Changing surname to: Chakraborty
My Surname after change: Chakraborty

Combine related information using zip function

Example 1:

 # Example with three lists

names = ["Alice", "Bob", "Charlie"]
ages = [25, 30, 22]
cities = ["New York", "San Francisco", "Los Angeles"]

# Using zip to combine the three lists
combined = zip(names, ages, cities)

# Converting the result to a list for printing
# Example with three lists
names = ["Alice", "Bob", "Charlie"]
ages = [25, 30, 22]
cities = ["New York", "San Francisco", "Los Angeles"]

# Using zip to combine the three lists
combined = zip(names, ages, cities)

# Converting the result to a list for printing
result_list = list(combined)

# Output
print(result_list)

Output:

[('Alice', 25, 'New York'), ('Bob', 30, 'San Francisco'), 

('Charlie', 22, 'Los Angeles')]

Modified Example 1:

# Example with three lists
names = ["Alice", "Bob", "Charlie"]
ages = [25, 30, 22]
cities = ["New York", "San Francisco", "Los Angeles"]

# Using zip to combine the three lists
combined = zip(names, ages, cities)

# Converting the result to a list for printing
# Example with three lists
names = ["Alice", "Bob", "Charlie"]
ages = [25, 30, 22]
cities = ["New York", "San Francisco", "Los Angeles"]

# Using zip to combine the three lists
combined = zip(names, ages, cities)

for emp in combined:
    print(f"Employee name: {emp[0]}, 
Employee Age: {emp[1]} and Work location is {emp[2]}")

Output:
Employee name: Alice, Employee Age: 25 and Work location is New York
Employee name: Bob, Employee Age: 30 and Work location is San Francisco
Employee name: Charlie, Employee Age: 22 and Work location is Los Angeles

**kwargs to handle any number of keyword arguments

 def my_grocery_list(**kwargs):

    print(kwargs)
    print(type(kwargs))
    for item in kwargs:
        print(f"{kwargs[item]} {item}")

my_grocery_list(toothpaste='Colgate',toothbrush='Colgate', 

num_of_toothbrush=2)

Output:

{'toothpaste': 'Colgate', 'toothbrush': 'Colgate',
'num_of_toothbrush': 2}

<class 'dict'>
Colgate toothpaste
Colgate toothbrush
2 num_of_toothbrush

*args to accept any number of positional arguments

 Consider the below case:

We need to all the sum all the inputs. Number of inputs are unknown.

sum(5,8,9)

The above will not work. sum() takes at most 2 arguments (3 given).

But, sum() can calculate the sum of Iterable i.e. means List, Tuple etc.

sum([5,8,9])
or
sum((5,8,9))
* means any number of arguments.
def sum_of_nums(*args):
    print(args) -> o/p: (3, 8, 8, 190)
    print(type(args)) -> <class 'tuple'>
    return sum(args)


print(sum_of_nums(3, 8, 8, 190))

How to access Nested function from outside?

def func_a():
    print('Task triggered for function A')

    def func_b():
        print('Task triggered for function B')

In this case, we cannot call func__b from outside. We can only access 

func_b() from inside of func_a().

def func_a():
    print('Task triggered for function A')

    def func_b():
        print('Task triggered for function B')

    func_b()
func_a()

To overcome this, we can return func_b as shown below:

def func_a():
    print('Task triggered for function A')

    def func_b():
        print('Task triggered for function B')

    # Notice, I am only providing the function name
    return func_b


task_b = func_a()
task_b()

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